New Delhi, March 26 The High Court of Justice in the United Kingdom rejected Nirav Modi's petition to reopen his case for extradition, relying on the "assurances" provided by the Indian government, which were deemed "comprehensive" enough to eliminate the risk of torture that might have prevented his transfer to India.
A bench comprising Lord Justice Stuart-Smith and Justice Jay ruled against Nirav Modi's appeal on Wednesday, noting that the diplomatic assurances given by India between September 2025 and February 2026 "provided comprehensive, detailed, and reliable guarantees."
Nirav Modi's petition to reopen the appeal was based on a February 2025 judgment in the extradition case of Sanjay Bhandari, in which the high court had described the use of torture by Indian agencies to extract confessions as "commonplace and endemic."
"When Mr. Modi's case came before us in the autumn of 2022, the material underpinning the Bhandari decision was either unavailable or not brought to our attention," the UK court said in its judgment.
"This court's judgment in the Bhandari case presents a worrying picture of the use of prohibited treatment to obtain confessions, which was characterized as commonplace and endemic," the UK court said.
A key element of the case was a "note verbale" sent to the UK government on December 2, 2025, by the Indian Ministry of Home Affairs, signed by Joint Secretary Rakesh Pandey, assuring that Nirav Modi would not be interrogated by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the Enforcement Directorate (ED), the Serious Fraud Investigation Office (SFIO), the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI), or the Central Board of Direct Taxes (CBDT).
It also included a detailed plan for keeping Nirav Modi in Mumbai's Arthur Road prison, the facilities he would have access to, and the legal assistance available to him during the trial.
"The assurances have been given by an official within the Ministry of Home Affairs who is competent to bind the Government of India (GoI), as well as the state of Maharashtra and the five investigating agencies (who are also bound by the terms of the assurances)," the court held.
A subsequent note verbale from the Indian High Commission on February 12, 2026, reinforced that the assurances are "binding and will be strictly adhered to by all law enforcement agencies/authorities in India. Furthermore, the assurances are also enforceable, including through courts in India," the court noted.
"Were it not for the statements and assurances made and given by the GoI between September 2025 and February 2026, culminating in the note verbale to which we accord considerable weight, we would be inclined to reopen this appeal in exercising exceptional power," the court held.
The judges distinguished the assurances in Nirav Modi's case from those found wanting in Bhandari, where the unnamed "investigation agency" and the absence of express written commitments from individual bodies proved detrimental.
The European Court of Human Rights used the "Othman vs United Kingdom" case to examine the specificity, candour, and practical enforceability of diplomatic assurances on 11 parameters, a senior official said.
"Turning to the Othman factors, the terms of the assurances have been disclosed sufficiently to the court. The assurances are specific and not general and vague (cf. those given in Bhandari)," the court held.
The 55-year-old jeweller, who gained prominence for his Bollywood clientele, international boutique stores, and Cannes appearances, has been in Wandsworth prison since his arrest in the UK on March 19, 2019.
Declared a fugitive in India, Nirav Modi is accused of orchestrating a Rs 13,000 crore fraud in the Punjab National Bank (PNB) in collusion with his uncle Mehul Choksi, who is in a Belgian prison.
According to the CBI, Nirav Modi alone siphoned off Rs 6,498.20 crore of the total misappropriated amount.
The bench said that although India is not a signatory to the United Nations Convention Against Torture, it "did not doubt that torture is not permitted under Indian law".
UK Home Secretary Priti Patel issued Nirav Modi's first extradition order in April 2021, a decision which was upheld by the divisional court in November 2022.
The bench held that the assurances given by the Indian government are "specific and not general and vague".
The Crown Prosecution Service advocate, assisted by a CBI team, strongly argued against Nirav Modi's petition.
A team of CBI officials, including investigating officers, travelled to London for the hearing.
"The reopening application had been filed on the basis of the Bhandari judgment. However, with sustained and coordinated efforts of the CBI, the challenge was successfully overcome," a CBI spokesperson said in a statement on Wednesday.
